Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ARDS Preface Introduction Definition and Incidence of ARDS The Berlin definition Limitations of the Berlin definition The new global definition of ARDS Aetiologies and risk factors for ARDS Incidence of ARDS in the ICU ARDS subphenotypes Pathophysiology of ARDS Histopathological substrate Alveolar capillary barrier disruption and pulmonary edema The “baby lung” concept Respiratory mechanics and stress strain Ventilation perfusion mismatch Mechanical Ventilation Ventilator induced lung injury Targets of mechanical ventilation Partitioning respiratory mechanics into its lung and chest wall components Airway closure Non invasive respiratory support for de novo acute hypoxemic respiratory failure Ventilatory mode and monitoring during invasive mechanical ventilation Adjustment of ventilatory settings Adjunct Therapies Sedation and neuromuscular blocking agents Prone positioning Recruitment maneuvers ECMO Extracorporeal CO2 removal (ECCO2R) High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation Nitric oxide (pulmonary vasoactive agents) Steroids and anti inflammatory agents Fluid balance management Spontaneous Ventilation During Mechanical Ventilation When to start spontaneous breathing? VILI during spontaneous breathing Patient ventilator asynchronies Monitoring During Mechanical Ventilation in ARDS Respiratory mechanics Gas exchange (alveolar dead space) Lung volumes Drive and inspiratory effort Lung imaging Complications Barotrauma Hemodynamic impairment Acute cor pulmonale Ventilator associated pneumonia Persistent (or non resolving) ARDS Outcomes Mortality according to the aetiology of ARDS and causes of death Change in outcomes over time Long term outcome Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Table of contents: Preface Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ARDS Preface Introduction Definition and Incidence of ARDS The Berlin definition Limitations of the Berlin definition The new global definition of ARDS Aetiologies and risk factors for ARDS Incidence of ARDS in the ICU ARDS subphenotypes Pathophysiology of ARDS Histopathological substrate Alveolar capillary barrier disruption and pulmonary edema The “baby lung” concept Respiratory mechanics and stress strain Ventilation perfusion mismatch Mechanical Ventilation Ventilator induced lung injury Targets of mechanical ventilation Partitioning respiratory mechanics into its lung and chest wall components Airway closure Non invasive respiratory support for de novo acute hypoxemic respiratory failure Ventilatory mode and monitoring during invasive mechanical ventilation Adjustment of ventilatory settings Adjunct Therapies Sedation and neuromuscular blocking agents Prone positioning Recruitment maneuvers ECMO Extracorporeal CO2 removal (ECCO2R) High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation Nitric oxide (pulmonary vasoactive agents) Steroids and anti inflammatory agents Fluid balance management Spontaneous Ventilation During Mechanical Ventilation When to start spontaneous breathing? VILI during spontaneous breathing Patient ventilator asynchronies Monitoring During Mechanical Ventilation in ARDS Respiratory mechanics Gas exchange (alveolar dead space) Lung volumes Drive and inspiratory effort Lung imaging Complications Barotrauma Hemodynamic impairment Acute cor pulmonale Ventilator associated pneumonia Persistent (or non resolving) ARDS Outcomes Mortality according to the aetiology of ARDS and causes of death Change in outcomes over time Long term outcome Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ARDS
